Circular Carbon Economy

• Air: extracting carbon dioxide directly from ambient air
  • Liquid sorbent: utilizing specialized liquid solutions to extract carbon dioxide directly from ambient air
  • Solid sorbent: utilizing specialized solid materials to capture and isolate carbon dioxide from the air
  • Electrolytic: utilizing and electrochemical processes to extract carbon dioxide from ambient air
  • Membrane base: utilizing selective membranes to separate and capture carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. In this context, a membrane refers to a specialized barrier that allows certain molecules, such as carbon dioxide, to pass through while blocking others
• Land: sequestering atmospheric carbon dioxide through the processes of photosynthesis and the accumulation of organic matter in soil
  • Biomass combustion with CO2Capture (BiCRS): controlled burning of organic materials combined with carbon capture technology to actively remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere
  • Biochar: production of a carbon-rich byproduct of biomass pyrolysis, serving as a stable soil amendment that sequesters carbon and enhances soil fertility
  • Trees and forests: Utilizing trees and forests, including afforestation and reforestation initiatives, harness the capacity of these ecosystems to capture and store carbon dioxide
  • Agriculture land and crops, soil and grasslands: employing sustainable practices such as cover cropping, reduced tillage, and rotational grazing to enhance carbon sequestration, enrich soil health, and contribute to effective carbon removal
  • Coastal restoration, mangroves, blue carbon: carbon captured and stored by coastal and marine ecosystems such as mangroves, seagrasses, and tidal marshes
  • Other terrestrial ecosystem restoration: a range of strategies such as wetland restoration, grassland enhancement, and soil conservation, all aimed at rehabilitating diverse landscapes for increased carbon sequestration and enhanced carbon removal
  • Terrestrial ecosystem restoration: revitalizing degraded land areas through reforestation, afforestation, and sustainable land management practices, fostering carbon sequestration
• Ocean
  • Seaweed/kelp/macroalgae cultivation, seagrass cultivation: growing marine plants in aquatic environments, where they absorb carbon dioxide during photosynthesis and store it in their biomass and surrounding ecosystems
  • Phytoplankton, microalgae: cultivating tiny aquatic plants that thrive in water bodies and capture carbon dioxide through photosynthesis
  • Artificial upwelling/down-welling: the controlled manipulation of ocean currents to enhance the natural exchange of carbon dioxide between surface waters and deep-sea layers
  • Alkalinity enhancement: involves introducing alkaline substances into oceanic waters to raise their pH levels, facilitating the absorption of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and promoting the formation of bicarbonate ions
  • Nutrient fertilization: refers to the application of specific nutrients to enhance plant growth and maximize carbon uptake, fostering increased photosynthesis and vegetation growth
  • Direct CO2 separation from seawater and or water splitting: advanced processes that employ specialized technologies to directly extract carbon dioxide from the water and then utilize electrolysis or other methods to split water molecules into oxygen and hydrogen
  • Biological ecosystem recovery and management, including fish and whale populations: comprehensive strategies aimed at revitalizing and maintaining diverse ecosystems, including the restoration and conservation of fish and whale populations, fostering biodiversity, enhancing carbon sequestration, and promoting sustainable ecological balance
• Rocks
  • Enhanced weathering of ultramafic tailings: the controlled exposure of waste materials with high levels of reactive minerals to accelerate natural carbon mineralization processes
  • Mining rocks for CDR: extracting mineral-rich rocks and exposing them to the atmosphere to facilitate natural chemical reactions that absorb and immobilize carbon dioxide
  • Subsurface geologic sequestration via injection of CO2: the injection of carbon dioxide deep into geological formations, such as depleted oil and gas reservoirs or saline aquifers, to securely store and isolate the carbon dioxide from the atmosphere

Examples of CO2 Removal:

• Producing biomass/biochar/algae 
• Operating technology that removes carbon directly from the air
• Sequestering carbon underground

• Biological process: utilizing the metabolic capabilities of living organisms, such as microorganisms or plants, to transform carbon dioxide into organic compounds or biomass through various enzymatic or biochemical pathways
• Electrochemical process: utilizing electricity to drive the transformation of carbon dioxide into valuable products
• Thermochemical process: using heat-driven chemical reactions to convert carbon-containing compounds, such as carbon dioxide, into useful products or materials
• Mineralization process: harnessing natural or engineered chemical reactions to transform carbon dioxide into stable mineral forms used for industrial purposes
• Photochemical process: Using light energy to drive chemical reactions, typically involving carbon dioxide, to generate valuable compounds or fuels

Examples of CO2 Conversion:

• Selling products made from converted CO2
• Producing industrial substrate from converted CO2 for use in products and other applications

Point Source Capture includes:

• Amine Capture: a chemical absorption method that uses amine compounds to selectively capture and separate carbon dioxide from industrial emissions
• Membrane Separation: utilizing specialized membranes to selectively separate and concentrate carbon dioxide from industrial exhaust gasses

Examples of Point Source Capture:

• Capturing carbon directly from the flue of a natural gas plant